Hwanghaedo Pyǒngsan Sonorǔm Kut (Cow Ritual of Pyǒngsan in Hwanghaedo Province) The Cow Ritual of Pyǒngsan in Hwanghaedo Province is a ritual carried out with mock cows as a part of the "ceremonial for the Harvest God" which was performed in the west central area and Hwanghaedo Province in Korea as a rite for good fortune.
The Harvest God is believed to be responsible for childbirth, the prosperity of family members and their descendants, long life and good fortune, and thus has a character of the God of Agricultural Production.
On the other hand, the Korean people have led a daily life based on agriculture from ancient times and thereby treasured cows and horses. Thus, most people believed that the cow was a symbol of agriculture.
The ox was also regarded as a symbol of benevolence and enlightenment in Buddhism. Because both Buddhism and Shamanism were suppressed by the ruling class in the Choson Kingdom, they combined into a folk belief that worshipped the Harvest God known as Chesk, believed by many to have originally been a Buddhist god called, in Sanscrit, Sakra devnum Indra. It was against this background that both the Harvest God and Cow Ritual came into being.
Yi Sun-bi who was an apprentice of the late Chang Po-bae, a shaman born in Pyǒngando Province, is now the retainer of the Cow Ritual of Pyǒngsan in which she plays the role of the herdsman.
This rite is still held in Inchon city, and is performed mostly in an open courtyard, after the end of the Harvest God rite, in the center of which stands a bamboo rod hung with eight differently colored clothes, representing the colors of the rainbow, under which is a water-filled tub with eight gourd dippers floating in it.
This is to allow the Eight Fairies to descend through the eight clothes and take baths using the gourd dippers. The plot and contents of the Cow Ritual are as follows: First, the Harvest God descends from Heaven to earth by the order of the King of Jade Heaven, Highest God of Heaven, and sings a ballad on the creation of man and the foundation of the Ancient Choson Kingdom. Then the God's disciples follow singing in refrain.
The cast members playing the herdsman and the Harvest God also play the roles of the Agriculture God, the Mountain God and the God of long life and Good Fortune, leading songs back and forth interlaced with dialogue.
The herdsman plows the field by driving an ox, the Mother Buddhist Goddess in the garb of a nun sows seeds, the Ksitigarbha-bodhisattva weeds fields with a hoe, Shinnong-sshi, the legendary Chinese emperor, supervises all the farm work, as well as teaching how to tame the oxen, plow the fields, and so on.
The Cow Ritual ends when the farm work finishes and the Harvest God returns to Paradise riding on the back of an ox while his disciples dance around the ritual area.
Though this rite is performed by shamans, it has a strong Buddhist flavor composed mostly of Buddhist Gods and Goddess. In addition, it has the character of a long narrative epic which tells of the Harvest God descending from Heaven by the order of the Highest God of Heaven, coming down to earth with his spirit generals and enlightening human beings about farm work and endowing them with longevity and good fortune.
Nothing like it is seen in other communal rites. The original form of this Cow Ritual has been well preserved since its inception in the Choson period.